Phosphorylation
The Chemical Reaction
Adding of a phosphate group on a compound with the assitance of an enzyme
Phosphorylation
Funciton/Purpose:
- To prevent a chemical from leaving
- A GLC phosphorylated by Hexokinase locks it inside the cell's
cytosol by attaching a polar molecule that is negative AND the cell
membrane has a negative charge so the opposites repel
- To prepare it for biological synthesis
- Think about it:
- Organic chemistry has Carboxylic acid derivatives can be generated from the interconversions
- This is very similar as ATP is being used to interconvert a
compound so that when the phosphate leaves, there is energy to be used
from an organic chemistry perspective (Leaving Group/SN1/SN2 etc)
Fundamentals:
Important Amino Acids
Types:
- Substrate Level Phosphorylation - TCA Cycle/Glycolysis
- Single Displacement reaction - Reactions (NADH/FADH2)
- R-Pi + ADP --> ATP + R (R is the substrate)
- Direct transfer of phosphate group to make ATP
- Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron Transport Chain
- Oxygen dependent generation of ATP
- Double Synthesis Reaction from different reactions AND PO Ratio
that a more complicated Single Displacement Reaction for each NADH and
FADH2
- (Synthesis) Cytochrome 4 reaction(NADH/FADH2) - 4H + O2 -(releases protons outside)-> 2H2O
- (Synthesis) F1F0 ATPase reaction - ADP + Pi -(with the help of the proton gradient outside)-> ATP + H2O
- (PO Ratio) 1NADH + ETC (C1, C3, C4) --> NAD + 3H --> 3ATP
- (PO Ratio) 1FADH2 + ETC (C3, C4) --> FAD + 2H --> 2ATP
- Summation: 4e + 4H + O2 + ADP + Pi --> 3H2O + ATP
- There is 10 total NADH+Hs produced (2 from glycolysis and 8 from TCA cycle) = 30 ATP when using the PO ratio
- There is 2 total FADH2s produced from TCA cycle = 4 ATP when using the PO ratio
Concepts:
