Knee Joint

Additional Links:

• http://www.homebusinessandfamilylife.com/leg bones.html Knee Diagrams

Phosphoglycerate Mutase

Glycolysis - (3PG) into (2PG)
Enzymes Enzymes Clinical Significance

Moves the phosphate position from 3C to 2C

Lyases

• 3-phosphoglycerate Substrate
• Reversible

Additional Links:

• Wikipedia

Lipid Phosphatases

Require removal of phosphoryl groups of inositol lipids that had been phosphorylated as a part of signaling

Digestive System

Organ System
Cellular Metabolism CH13

Function:

• Digestion of biomolecules, vitamins and inorganic minerals

Components/Anatomy:

• Gastrointestinal Tract Tissues
  • Epithelial Cells

Organs/Anatomy:

• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine

Accessory Organs

• Associated salivary glands
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Gall Bladder

Concepts:

• Digestion Path
• Vitamins
• Inorganic Minerals

Biomolecule Absorption

• Proteins
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates

Terminology:

• Digestion: breaking down food into progressively smaller particles and absorbed in the small intestine
• Biomolecules

Additional Information:

• Clinton Community College

Pepsin

Digestive System

Proteolytic enzyme in the stomach converting polypeptdies into oligopeptides

Hydrolases

• Activated Pepsinogen

Characteristics:

• Optimal activity in pH 1-2

LOC:

• Stomach

Concepts:

• Enzymes
  • Zymogen

Additional Information:

Protease

Enzymes that degrade proteins by breaking peptide bonds

Proteins Enzymes

Protease/Peptidase/Proteinase

Function/Purpose:

Stratificaiton:

• Serine
• Threonin
• Cysteine
• Aspartate
• Metalloprotease
• Glutamic acid

Concepts:

Salient Examples:

• Pepsin

Additional Information:

• Wikipedia

Digestive System

Primary organ of digestion that chemically processes biomolecules

Stomach

Fundamentals:

Characteristics/Specs:

• Located in the URQ
• Capacity for 2 L
• Gastric and pyloric glands
• Respond to signals from the brain activated by the sight, taste and smell of food

Function/Purpose:

• Processes biomolecules into chyme
  • Combined mechanical and chemical digestive activities INC significantly Surface area of the food particles
    • WHY? Optimize absorption
• 1)Proteins are denatured and degredation
  • WHY?Denaturation renders protein a better substrate
  • Stimulates Cholecystokinin (CCK)
• pH 1-2
• 2)Lipids are initially emulsified

Types of Secretions:

• Mucus

Salient Enzymes and Function Tests:

Enzymes:

• Pepsinogen - Pepsin
  • Pepsin will digest proteins by cleaving peptide bonds near the aromatic rings resulting in short polypeptide fragments
  • pepsin which is most active at pH of 2

Stomach Function Tests and Assessment:

Anatomy:

Gross Anatomy:

• Cardia/Cardiac/Gastroesophageal Sphincter
• Fundus
• Body
• Pylorus
• Pyloric Sphincter

Micro Anatomy:

Molecular

• ATP dependent proton pump similar to Na K ATPase

Cellular

• Mucus/Surface cells - secrete mucus
• Endocrine cells/Pyloric glands - secretes Gastrin
  • Gastrin - stimulates secretion of HCl and Pepsinogen
    • Activates Parietal cells and Chief Cells
• Gastric pits
• Parietal cells - secretes HCl (pH 1)
  • Activates acid initially activates Pepsinogen-Pepsin:ZYM for autocatalysis
  • Prevents most known bact
• Chief cells - secretes Pepsinogen

Concept:

• Surface Area - MATH
• Enzymes - Zymogens/Proenzymes

Terminology:

• Gastric Pit: region where parietal cells and chief cells are located
• Chyme: acidic semifluid mixture

Additional Information:

• [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach#Anatomy of the Stomach Wikiedia