Nutritional Sciences
Retinal) BEND Vision/ Keratin General Information: Liver – stored
Retinol Carotenoids Biochemical nutritional knowledge few years old.
b-carotene (precursor to Vit A) COULD protect against lung cancer
Supplementation increased risk Sources Retinol Liver Egg yolk Dairy
Butter Whole milk Carotenoids Green/Yellow Vegtables – Vitamin E/K
Roles: VA! a)Senses Vision b)Protection Antioxidant Downregulate Keratin
synthesis to protect epithelium Conditions/Disease: VitA Def Deficiency
occurs over long periods Symps: 1)Anemia – Similar to iron deficiency
but with adequate iron loads 2)Follicular hyperkeratosis (dried skin
resembling goose-bumps) 3)Night blindness/Xerophthalmia: keratinization
of the cornea Conditions/Diseases: Vitamin A – Toxicity Difficult to
achieve INC intake/polar bear livers Symps: BENDS! Bone pain Enlargement
– (Overstorage! Liver) and Spleen Nausea Diarrhea Scaly dermatitis 2)
Vitamin D LESS/Calcium Absorption General Information: No dietary
requirement for vitamin D w/ sun Liver- stored Sources: LESS! Liver Eggs
Sun Saltwater fish: Salmon, Sardines, Herring Role: a) Calcium
absorption. Conditions/Disease: Renal Osteodystrophy Poor absorption of
calcium from diet Cannot produce a key ViDderivative Chronic renal
failure/Overactive parathyroid hormone Symps Calcium Dysfunction Bone
becomes source of serum calcium Metastatic calcification: Lowers serum
calcium levels even further Hyperphosphatemia: kidney accumulates
phosphate Treatment Reduce phosphate levels Increase vitamin D / Ca
intake 3) Vitamin E Cholesterol/Cancer/Polyunsaturated fats General
Information: Sources: Nuts, Seeds, Green Leaf Vegs – Spinach – Vitamin
A/K Vegetable oils Diary – milk Role: a)Protection Antioxidant –
Complements Selenium that works in the cytosol Protect unsaturated fatty
acids b)Metabolism Assist in the ETC: by aiding ubiquinone Enhance ALA
levels – Fe Homeostatsis c)Immune Helps maintain function
Conditions/Disease: Dysfunciton w/ Polyunsaturated Fats Cholesterol is
combated by Polyunsatuated fat – INC poly-unsaturated fat DEC serum
cholesterol PU-F is related to cancer – INC poly-unsaturated fat INC
cancer ViE combats Cancer and becomes needed ans PU-F INCS – INC poly
unsaturated fat Treatment INC ViE DEC Cancer risk and treat needs of INC
PU-F intake 4) Vitamin K Ca link/Bones and Blood General Information:
Sources: Green Vegetables – Vitamin A/E K1: Phytylmenaquinone Normal GI
Flora K2: Multiprenylmenaquinone Role: a)Bone formation w/ Ca
b)Metabolism Glutamic acid to g-carboxyglutamic acid (REQUIRED)
g-carboxyglutamic acid: proteins that chelate calcium for their activity
c)Blood Coagulation – Prothrombin Conditions/Disease: Vitamin K
deficiency Extended use of antibiotics (COMMON) Symps INC coagulation
time ->INC bleeding Interference with bone mineralization 5) Thiamine
(B1) ENG and Neruro ~ Mg General Information: Water Soluble Role:
Converted to Thiamine Pyrophosphate Pyruvate dehydrogenase (Krebs)
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (Krebs) Thiamine Triphosphate (Conducting
of nerve impulses) Conditions/Disease: Thaimine Deficinecy Symps Fatigue
Cardio Ataxia Neuro Irritability Depression GI Nausea Eye
Opthalmoplegia 6) Niacin (B3) Tryptophan to NAD/NADP General
Information: Inefficiently synthesized from tryptophan Tryptophan
-(Niacin)- NAD->NADP Sources: Diet: Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide
Role: Precursor – NAD, NADP Conditions/Disease: Niacin
Deficiency/Pellagra: Symps Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia 7) Vitamin B12
Cobalt/Synthesis General Information: Liver- store up to 6 years of
vitamin B12 Role: Metabolism Methionine synthesis (AA) Succinyl CoA
synthesis (Krebs) Conditions/Disease: VitB12 Deficiency: Symps
Demyelination Megaloblastic anemia 8) Calcium (Ca) most abundant mineral
in body General Information: Bone- stores Ca Depends on: Calcium intake
and exercise Narrow window of serum levels compatible with life Between
ages of 10 and 35 bone density reaches its maximum density Median
calcium intake is 500 mg/day Role: Enzymes Cofactor Hormonal mediation
Blood coagulation Muscle contractility Conditions/Disease: Osteoporosis
Exacerbated by concerns of fat in dairy products Symps Loss of bone
mineral Severe weakening of bone 9) Magnesium (Mg) ATP and Neuro ~
Thiamine General Information: Lowers blood pressure and reduces risk of
stroke Role:mAN bone ATP Neuromuscular Transmission Bone structure w/ Ca
Conditions/Disease: Mg Deficiency Symps Cardiac arrhythmia Weakness
(energy dysfunction) Tremors Renal Stones 10) Iron (Fe) Proteins and
Translation General Information: Role: Controls translation Proteins Fe
Containing Proteins Hemoglobin Myoglobin Nonheme proteins Transferrin
Ferritin Redox enzymes ETC complexes Heme prosthetic groups
Mitochondrial cytochromes Catalase Peroxidase Prostaglandin synthase
Conditions/Disease: 11) Iodine (I) Thyriod General Information: Absorbed
and transported in thyroid gland Role: Hormones Triiodothyronine
Thyroxine Regulate basal metabolic rate in adults Growth in children
Conditions/Disease: Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid 12) Zinc (Zn)
Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Superoxide Dismutase General Information: Role:
Bone formation w/ Ca Metaloenzymes – 300 required for activity RNA / DNA
polymerase Stability – 300-700 proteins Zinc fingers – DNA binding
motif Conditions/Disease: Zn Deficiency Symps Poor wound healing Loss of
taste acuity Dermatitis Zinc in therapy: In Wilson’s Disease: Copper
Overload Zn antogonizes Cu absorption Cancer: zinc uptake is reduced
Acute symptoms need copper chelation therapy. Maintenance therapy is
Zinc Tetrathiolmolybdenate 13) Copper (Cu) Superoxide Dismuatase General
Information: Role: Bone formation w/ Ca Superoxide Dismutase Metabolism
Fatty acid synthesis Ceruloplasmin: Iron homeostasis and copper
(transport) homeostasis Cytochrome C oxidase Conditions/Disease: Cu
Deficiency Syms Demineralization of Bone Hypercholesterolemia Anemia
High Zn intake (VERY RARE) 14) Chromium (Cr) Insulin General
Information: Makes quadruple bonds and quintuple bonds Role:
Chromodulin: facilitate insulin activity Conditions/Disease: Cr
Deficiency (RARE) Impaired glucose tolerance Diabetes causes loss of Cr
through the urine 15) Selenium (Se) Glutathione Peroxidase w/ ViE
General Information: Soil is selenium poor in certain parts of the
country Selenium deficiency is avoided by food being marketed from many
parts of the country Role: Selenoproteins Glutathione Peroxidase:
removes peroxides in the cytosol Complements Vitamin E that works in the
membrane 16) Manganese (Mn) Arginase, Pyruvate Carboxylase General
Information: Role: Bone structure w/ Ca Enzymes 17) Potassium (K)
Pyruvate Kinase General Information: Role: 18) Molybdenum (Mo) Xanthine
oxidase (GOUT) General Information: Role: 19) Fluoride (F) Strengthens
bone and teeth General Information: Role: 20) Boron (B) Bone formation
w/ Ca General Information: Role: The American Diet: eat more processed
food/Higher caloric density/Less nutritional value Foods in the American
diet are Absorption = Uniformly enriched with: Iron Thiamine Riboflavin
Niacin Folic Acid Even fortified with 11 – 15 vitamins and minerals
==Links:== *http://nutritiondata.self.com/
*http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/
*http://nat.illinois.edu/suggest.html]]>
