Biochemistry-Lehinger 4ed CH1
Biochemistry
- Metabolites: hundreds of small organic molecules
- Coenzymes: compounds essential to many enzyme catalyzed reactions
- ALL CELLS nucleus/nucleoid [Archebacteria – archea; Eubacteria – prokaryotes]
- Photo: ENG --> LIGHT; H: C --> organic; A: C --> CO2
- Chemo: ENG --> CHM; H::
- Lithotrops: ENG --> inorg
- Organotrophs: ENG --> organic
Plants –
Glyoxysome – contains enzyms of glyoxylate cycle
Starch granule – stores carbohydrate products of photosyntehsis
Thylakoids – site of ATP synthesis
Claude, Duve, Palade:
Differential centrifugation: rough fractionation of cytoplasmic contents
Isopycnic centrifugation (utilizes sucrose) purifies the contents - gradients of densities
Typical Cell Factionation
gentle homogenization that ruptures the plasma membrane
Centrifuged to discern the organelles
Monomeric subunits are joined by covalent bonds
In vitro – in test tube; In vivo - in living
INC bond dissociation energy INC strength of bond
Amido - (carboxamido) protonated amide (primary amide)
Imidazole – pentene herterocyclic (2N)
Sulfhydrl – Cysteine S-H
Thioester – Sulfur amide
Phosphoryl – HPO3 (-)
Phosphoanydride – P2O5 (-2)
Mixed anhydride – carboxylic acid and phosphoric acid/acyl phosphate
Endomembrane system – segregates metabolic processes and provides surfaces on which certain enzyme catalyzed reactions occur
Secondary metabolites: vascular plants contain small molecules vital to plant life
Metabolome: entire collection of small molecules in cell
Keq = Products/Reactants
Prokaryotes – no cytoskeleton, no intracellular movement
Eukaryotes – (intracellular movement) – cytoplasmic streaming, endocytosis, phagocytosis, mitosis, vesicle transport
Homologous –sequence similarities; Homologs – proteins from homologous genes
Paralogous – occur in the same species; Paralogs – proteins from paralogous genes
Orthologous – genes in different species; Orthologs – proteins form orthologous genes
