Van Castillo: Gluconeogenesis

General Steps

Pyruvate in the mitochondria
Repackaged to be sent out into the cytosol
Undergoes similar steps but REVERSE of glycolysis
Last three steps are crucial
- Different enzymes used to bypass one way glycolysis reactions
Last step is concluded in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Inside Mitochondria - Mitochondrial Matrix

Reverse Glycolysis due to equilibrium - Cytosol

Malate into Oxaloacetate - NAD-Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH) - cytoplasm
Oxaolacetate into Phosphoenolpyruvate - Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase
- Distinct Step vs Glycolysis
(2PG) into (PEP) - Enolase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate into 2-phosphoglycerate
(3PG) into (2PG) - Phosphoglycerate Mutase
- 2-phosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate
(1,3BPG) into (3PG) - Phosphoglycerate Kinase
- 3-phosphoglycerate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
(GAP) into (1,3BPG) - Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH)
- 1,3-bisphoosphoglycerate into Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
  - Liver: Entry Point Fructose
(DHAP) into (GAP) - Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI or TIM)
- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosohpate into Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  - Liver: Entry Point Fructose
(F-1,6BP) into (GAP) + (DHAP) - Aldolase
- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate & Glyceraldehyde 3-phosohpate into Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- Distinct Step vs Glycolysis
  - Entry Point Glycerol
(F-6P) into (F-1,6BP) - Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase F-1,6BPase
- Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into Fructose 6-phosphate
  - Adipose: Entry Point Fructose
(G-6P) into (F-6P) - Phosphoglucose Isomerase
- Fructose 6-phosphate into Glucose 6-phosphate
- Distinct Step vs Glycolysis
  - Entry Point Galactose
GLC into (G-6P) - Glucose 6-phosphatase
- Glucose 6-phosphate into Glucose/Glycogen

Van Castillo