Gluconeogenesis

Cellular Metabolism - CH16
Cell Metabolism - Glycolysis

Creation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors (pyruvate)

• Precursors for GLC triggers anabolism, Glycerol, Alanine, Lactate and other precursors

Gluconeogenesis:

Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2 GTP + 2 NADH + 6H2O --> GLC + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi + 2 NAD + 2H

• -38kJ mol

Regualation:

• Gluconeogenesis Regulation

Function/Purpose:

• To create sugar from pyruvate

Fundamentals:

Products

• Two types: Free GLC and Glycogen
  • Free GLC:
    • Primiarily in the Liver and Kidney cells - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  • Glycogen:
    • Other cells utilize G-6P and convert into glycogen

Energetics of Detailed Steps

• NET SIX? nucleotide triphosphate are hydrolyzed:
  • Four high phosphoryl transfer potential molecules
  • Four additional high phosphoryl transfer potential molecules to take unfavorable --> favorable
• No thermodynamic barrier theoretically
  • BUT two key conrols:
    • 1)activity of key enzymes
    • 2)reciprocal regulation
      • GLC triggers glycolysis
      • Precursors for GLC triggers gluconeogenesis

Detailed Steps:

• Gluconeogenesis Steps

Saleint Chemicals:

Major Noncarbohydrate Precursors:

• Lactate - active skeletal muscle through lactic acid fermentation
  • Rate of processing sugar is more than the cell's needs
    • Liver, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD)
• Amino Acids - diet or breakdown of skeletal muscle
• Glycerol - dual role Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

LOC:

Micro Organelles:

• Mitochondria --> Cytoplasm

Macro Organs:

• Liver
  • Kidney

Terminology:

• Anabolism: building up of compounds

Salient Diseases:

Additional Informaiton:

• Manipulative Presentation - Oh, I Went There
• Wikipedia
• Indiana University Dr King
• Wiley